The Science of Melting Sugar

Sweet flavours are inevitably associated with sugar. In scientific terms, sugar is one or more molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These may be single molecules, as in the case of glucose or fructose, or combinations of molecules: sucrose, for instance, consists of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule bonded together. I have a particular reason for referring to sucrose: common table sugar, the sort normally used in cake and pastry making, is in fact sucrose.

There are many reasons why this kind of sugar has become so popular in cooking and baking. First of all, it is widely available: sucrose, or common “sugar”, is extracted from sugar cane and beet, which are easy to grow almost anywhere in the world. Not surprisingly, its annual production amounts to 70 million tons.

Melting Sugar: Chemical Reactions

Sucrose is highly soluble: as much as 2000 grams of sucrose can be dissolved in one litre of water! However, it is mainly due to the way it reacts that it has become the protagonist of our sweetest recipes.

The chemical reaction we are most familiar with is that of melting: sugar decomposes at a temperature ranging between 184 and 186°C. This is a very recent discovery we owe to a team of researchers in Illinois. Basically, when we heat sucrose gently, this produces a phenomenon known as “apparent melting”. In other words, sugar crystals do not actually melt but produce a proper reaction called “inversion”. What really happens is that the two molecular components of sugar – glucose and fructose – decompose. In their turn, they give way to “caramelisation”, consisting of two phases.

In the first phase, the structure of sugar changes as the heat increases. We can easily observe this for ourselves when we see sugar starting to “melt”. At this point, the second phase kicks in: the additional increase in heat causes the elimination of the water molecule. This produces a reaction called “beta-elimination” which leads to the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural. The substance darkens in colour and tastes more and more of caramel. If too much heat is applied, nothing but carbon will remain, which means that our caramel is well and truly burnt!

In brief, that of heating sucrose may appear to be a banal operation but it can offer us a series of interesting reactions. In particular “inversion”, which benefits from an acid pH, gives us “invert” sugars that are very hygroscopic: this means they are able to absorb a high number of water molecules, which makes them ideal for preparing soft sweets and desserts or, indeed, for any recipe we wish to keep moist even when it has to be exposed to the air.

A Tip for Making Soft Sweets and Biscuits

We can apply this principle to ordinary sugar to give our sweets a more or less soft consistency, biscuits in particular.

First of all, we need some invert sugar which can even be home made using 200 grams of sucrose, the juice of one large lemon and 140 grams of water. Place all three ingredients in a small saucepan and slowly bring them to the boil over a low heat, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon. Now, let the mixture simmer for at least half an hour, stirring as little as possible. Finally, leave it to cool and transfer the syrup to a jar, for use when needed.

You can use it to prepare pumpkin biscuits for example. Grate 100 grams of pumpkin and add it to 250 grams of flour, 1 egg, 50 grams of invert sugar, two spoonfuls of sour cream and 30 grams of butter. Mix all the ingredients thoroughly, roll out the mixture and use a biscuit cutter to obtain the shape you require before arranging your biscuits on an oven tray. Bake for around 25 minutes in an oven preheated to 160° C. These delicious biscuits will always be soft and moist thanks to the secrets of sugar!

 

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